|¤¤°ê»P®ü¥~µØ¤H|
¤¤°ê¾ú¥v¤Wªº¡§¤½À硨»P¡§¨pÀ硨¹ï¥~¶T©ö
¤¤°ê»P®ü¥~µØ¤H
¤ý½éªZ
¶137--¶152
¦pªG§Ú̬۫H¦èº~®É´Á(¤½¤¸«e206¦~¡Ð¤½¤¸9¦~)ªº¥vÄy°O¸ü¡A«h¤¤°ê¹ï«n¨È©MªF«n¨Èªº®ü¥~¶T©ö¬O
©l¦Û¬Ó«Òªº±ÂÅv¡C¥¦¦ü¥G¦¨¤F¬Ó«Ò¤º§Êªº¤@¶µ¯S®í§Q¯q¡A¦Ó¥B¤£¤[´Nªí²{¬°²ÎªvªÌ¬Û¤¬¤§¶¡Ãö«Yªº
¤@¶µ¥\¯à¡C¾ú¥v¾Ç®aºÙ¨ä¬°´Â°^¨î«×¡C·í©x¤èªº¾ú¥v¾Ç®a¶}©l°Oz©Ò¦³ªº¹ï¥~Ãö«Y¡A¨Ã¹ï³oºØÃö«Y
ªº´Â°^¤è±¥[¥H¦h¤è±j½Õ¡A¦Ó¨S¦³²M·¡®»¨ì¥¦Ì»P¶T¥\ªºÁpô®É¡A³oºØ´yø´N³Q¶i¤@¨B¦a´è¬V¤F¡C
¥Dn¥Ñ©ó¯Ê¥F©ú½Tªº°O¸ü¡A«Ü®e©ö¨Ï¤H̳]·Q¬JµM¶T©ö¬O´Â°^ªº¥\¯à¤§¤@¡A¨º»ò´Â°^´N¤j³¡¤À³£¬O
³ì¸Ëªº¶T©ö¡CµM¦Ó¡A³o¨Ã¤£·N¨ýµÛ¦b´Â°^¤§«e¨S¦³¶T©ö¡A¤]¤£¬O»¡°£³ì¸Ë¬°´Â°^¤§¥~´N«Ü¤Ö¨ä¥L§Î
¦¡ªº¶T©ö¡C«ê«ê¬Û¤Ï¡A¦b´Â°^Åé¨î¥H¥~ªº¶T©ön»·»·¦h©ó³oÓÅé¨î¤º³¡ªº¶T©ö¡C(1) ¤Q¤»¤Ê¬ö«á¦b
¤¤°êªu®üªº¼Ú¬w¤HªÖ©w¦³¦¹ÅéÅç¡A¦Ó¥B¤]¦³¤£¤Öªº¸ñ¶Hªí©ú³oÃþ¶T©ö¦b¤Q¤C©M¤Q¤K¥@¬öªº¶i®i¹L
µ{¡A¾¨ºÞ¦b³o«á¨âÓ¥@¬ö¤¤¡A´Â°^¨î«×¥i¥H»¡¤´¦bµo´§§@¥Î¡CˬO¦b±À´ú¤Q¤»¥@¬ö«eªº¶T©ö©Ê½è©M
½d³ò¤è±¡A§Ú̹J¨ìªº§xÃøn¦h±o¦h¡C
¦b¶}©l³o¼Ë°µ¤§«e¡A§ÚÌ¥²¶·²M°£¤¤°ê¤£»Ýn®ü¤W¶T©öªº¯«¸Ü¡C³oºØ¯«¸Ü´¿¨ü¨ì¤¤°ê©xûªº¹ªÀy¡A
¨Ã¦b©x¤èµÛz¤¤¹ð¨£¤£ÂA¡C¥¦¤j¤jªýê¤F¾ú¥v¾Ç®a²z¸Ñ¤¤°ê¦b¹ï¥~¶T©ö¤è±ªº¦UºØ®Ú¥»»Ý¨D¡C§ÚÌ
ÁÙ¥²¶·¨¾¤î¤@ºØ±`¨£ªºÆ[ÂI¡A§Y¤¤°ê±q¨Ó¨S¦³µo¥ÍÅܤơC«ö·Ó³oÓÆ[ÂI¡A¤£¶Èº~´Â«H©^¾§®a«ä·Qªº
©xû¶S§C°Ó¶T¡A¦Ó¥B¦b¾ãÓ«Ò¨î®É´Áªº©Ò¦³¨ã¦³¾§®a«ä·Qªº©xû¤]²ö¤£¦p¦¹¡C¦]¦Ó¡A´Â§Ê©x¹±®É®É
°í«ù¤¤°ê¤£»Ýn®ü¤W¶T©öªº¨¥¦æ¡A«K±`³Q¤Þ¥Î¥H»¡©ú¤¤°ê¹ï©ó³o¼Ëªº¶T©ö½T¹ê¨S¦³»Ý¨D¡C
¬°¤F¦³§U©ó¬ã¨s³oºØ»Ý¨D¨Ã¹ï¶T©öªº©Ê½è¦³¨Ç·§©À¡Aº¥ý¿ë©ú®ü¤W¶T©öªº¨âÓ¼h¦¸¹ï©ó§Ú̬O¦³©Ò
§U¯qªº¡C¦b¤@Ó¼h¦¸¤W¡A®ü¤W¶T©ö¬O¥Ñ¬Ó«Òªº®c§Ê©Î¬F©²ª½±µ¶i¦æªº¡A¦b¥t¤@Ó¼h¦¸¤W«h¬O¦b¦a¤è
·í§½¤ä«ù¤U¦Ó¶}®iªº¡A´Â§Ê¹ï¦¹¦³®Éª¾¹D¡A¦³®É¨Ã¤£ª¾¹D¡C²Ä¤@ºØ¥i¥H»¡¦¨¬O¡§¤½À硨¶T©ö¡A²Ä¤G
ºØ«h¬O¡§¨pÀ硨¶T©ö¡C
¯Y¶ÈÁ|´X¨Ò¨ÓÃÒ¹ê³oºØ°Ï§O¡C¨Ò¦p¡A³Ì¦¦b(º~®Ñ)¤¤¦³¬q±Ôz´¿²M·¡¦a´£¨ì¤F³oºØ¡§¤½À硨ªº¶T
©ö¡A¨º«K¬O¥Ñ®c§Ê«Æ©xºÞ²zªº¡§ÄݶÀªù»PÀ³¶ÒªÌѤJ®ü¡A¥«©ú¯]¡BÂz¯[¼þ¡B©_¥Û²§ª«¡AöÒ¶Àª÷ÂøÂ¹
¦Ó©¹¡A©Ò¦Ü°ê¬Ò¸[¹¬°½¢¡¨(2)(¡mº~®Ñ¡n¡E¨÷¤G¤Q¤K¡E¦a²z§Ó¤U)¡C¦P¼Ë¡A±q¤T°ê®É´Áªº§d°ê(¤½¤¸
220¡Ð280¦~)¦Ü«n´Â(¤½¤¸420¡Ð589¦~) ®É´Á¡AÀHµÛ¤¤°ê«n³¡¦a°Ïªº¥¿¦¡¶}©ñ¡A¦³³\¦h°O¸ü½Í¨ì±aµÛ
´Â°^°Ó«~ªº¨Ï¹Î¡A³o¨Ç¨Ï¹Î¨Ó¦Û«n¨È©MªF«n¨È¡C®Ú¾Ú°O¸ü¡A³o¬q®É´Á¦Ü¤Ö¦³116 ӨϹΡC¤]´N¬O
»¡¡A¦b±Nªñ370¦~¤¤¡A¥§¡¨C¹j¤T¦~´N¦³¤@ӨϹΨӨ줤°ê¡C¦pªG§Ú̶ȫö«n´Â®É´Áªº170¦~pºâ¡A
«h¥§¡¨C¹j¤@¦~¥b´N¦³¤@ӨϹΡC(3) Åã¦Ó©ö¨£¡A³o¨Ç´Â°^¨Ï¹Î»á¨ã¦³¡§¤½À硨¶T©öªº¦¨¤À¡AÁöµM
¨Ì·Ó±`³W¡A¥L̬O±N°Ó«~¦C¬°Ämµ¹¤¤°ê¬Ó«ÒªºÂ§ª«¡C¤×¬°«nªº¬O¡AÀ³¸Óª`·N¨ì¦b¨º´XÓ¥@¬ö¤¤¡A
¤j³¡¤À§ª«»P¦ò±Ð¦bªF«n¨È¿³°_¥H¤Î¾ãÓ¤¤°ê«n³¡¦a°Ï¹ï³oºØ©v±Ðªº¿³½ì¤£Â_¼Wªø¦³Ãö¡CÕY»P¦ò
±Ð®{¨Ñ©^ª««~¡A¦p¤¤°ê¦x¼q©Ò»Ýnªº»®Æ©MÃħ÷µ¥¥[¥H¤ñ¸û¡A¨ä¡§¤½À硨¶T©öªº©Ê½è«K«Ü²M·¡¤F¡C
¦Ü©ó¡§¨pÀ硨¶T©ö¡A¥ç§Y»P©è¹F¤¤°ê®ü©¤ªº¥~°ê°Ó¤H¶i¦æ¶R½æ¬¡°Ê¡A¨º¤w¸g¬O´ä°ð©xû¡B¦a¤è°Ó¤H
ªººD±`°µªk¤F¡C(4)
³oºØ°Ï§O¦b¦¹«áªº¶¦¡Bð(¤½¤¸589¡Ð906¦~)©M¤¥N(¤½¤¸907¡Ð959¦~)®É´Á¦P¼Ë¥i¥H¨£¨ì¡C¹ê»Ú¤W¡A
¶T©ö¤wÅãµM¦¨¬°¥H¡§¨pÀ硨¦¨¤À¬°¥D¦Ó¥H¡§¤½À硨¦¨¤À¬°»²ªº§Î¦¡¡A¥Î¥Hº¡¨¬¥_¤è³£«°ªø¦w©M¬¥¶§
ªº»Ý¨D¡C¾¨ºÞ¯Ê¥F·í®Éªº¶T©ö¼Æ¦r¥i¨Ñ¤ñ¸û¡A¦ý±q¡§¥«²í¥q¡¨ªº«n¦a¦ì©M¦³Ãö¥~°ê°Ó®È (¦b¨º¨Ç
¥@¬ö¤¤¤×¨ä¬O«üªi´µ¡Bªü©Ô§B©M¦L«×°Ó¤H) ªº¤j¶q¶c¨Æ¨Ó¬Ý¡A«K¥i©ú½T¾é¸Ñ¥¿¬O¡§¨pÀ硨¶T©ö¨Ï±o
¤f©¤«O«ù¹BÂà¨Ãº¡¨¬¤F¦a¤è¤W¹ï©óÃÄ«~©M½Õ¨ý«~ªº»Ý¨D¡C(5)
¨ì¤F§º´Â(¤½¤¸960¡Ð1276¦~)©M¤¸´Â(¤½¤¸1276¡Ð1368¦~)¡A¡§¨pÀ硨¶T©öÅܱo§ó¥[¦û©~Àu¶Õ¡C¹ê»Ú
¤W¡A¦b¤Q¤G¥@¬ö¡B¤Q¤T¥@¬ö¡B¤Q¥|¥@¬öªºº©ªø®É´Á¤¤¡A´X¥G§¹¥þ¨S¦³¬Æ»ò¡§¤½À硨¶T©ö¥i¨¥¡C(6)
µM¦Ó³oºØ°Ï§O¤´µM¬O«nªº¡A¦]¬°³o«á´XÓ¥@¬öªº±¡ªp»P©ú¥N(¤½¤¸1368¡Ð1644¦~) ³Ìªì´X¤Q¦~ªº
±¡ªp¥¿¦n§Î¦¨¹ï·Ó¡C©ú¤Ó¯ª¶}°ê±À¦æÄY®æ±±¨î¥X®üªº¨M©w¡A¨Ï¥L¬°¤FºûÅ@«Â«H©M®c§Êªº¨ä¥L§Q¯q
¦Ó¹ªÀy¡§¤½À硨¶T©ö¡C³o¼Ë¤@¨Ó«K¹ï¨p°Ó©M¤¤¥¡¬F©²Âù¤è³£§Î¦¨¤F°ÝÃD¡A¦]¬°«eªÌªº¬¡°Ê¨ü¨ì¤F
¨î¡A¦Ó«áªÌ¤¤ªº¾§±Ð©x¦O«h§¹¥þ¤£ª¾¦p¦ó¬°³oºØ¶T©ö´£¨Ñ°ê®a¸êª÷¡A°£«D¹ï¥¦¥Î¾A·í¤èªk¥[¥H³ì¸Ë
¥´§ê¡C(7)
¤Wz°ÝÃD¥¿¬O»¡©ú¡§¤½À硨©M¡§¨pÀ硨¶T©ö¤§¶¡ªº³oºØ°Ï§O¬O¦p¦ó´I¦³·N¸q¡A¦³§U©ó§Ú̸ÑÄÀ¶T©ö
¤è¦¡ªº¤@¨ÇÅܤơC¨Ò¦p¡A®Ú¾Ú¨º¨Ç¨ã¦³¾§®a«ä·Qªº©x¹±¹ï©ó¶T©öªº¤@¯ëºA«×¤Î¹ï¥~¶T©öªº¯S®íºA
«×¡A´N¥i¥H§â¶T©öµo®i»P´Â§Ê¤¤ªº¾§®a¶Õ¤O¡A¤¤¥¡±±¨îªu®ü¨Æ°Èªºµ{«×¡A¾§®a¾Ç»¡¥»¨ªº«ä·QÅܲ
¥H¤Î´Â§Ê¤¤¾§®aÅv¦Ú¾±¶Qªºµ²ºcÅܤÆÁpô°_¨Ó¶i¦æ¬ã¨s¡C
§@¬°¶}©l¡AÀÀ¥ý´£¥X³o¼Ë¤@Ó©RÃD¡A§Y¡§¤½À硨¶T©ö«ÜÃø±o¨ìµo®i¡A³o¬O¥Ñ©ó¾§®aªº²ßºD°µªkÁ`¬O
°í«ù¤Ï¹ï¬Ó«Ò¤Î¥L̪ºÃd¦Ú©M«Æ©xªº°ø¨×®ö¶O¦æ¬°¡C¦]¦¹¡A»P«n¨È¡BªF«n¨Èªº®ü¤W¶T©ö¯S§O®e©ö¾D
¨ì³dÃø¡A¦]¬°¨º¨Ç³fª«¥Dn¬O°ø¨×«~¡C
»P³oÓ©RÃD¨Ã¦æªº¬O¡A¦b¤f©¤¤Î¨äªþªñªº¦a¤è©M¬Ù·|¡A¬Æ¦Ü³Ì²×¦b¨Ê«°¤j³£¥»¨ªº¡§¨pÀ硨¶T©öªº
¤£Â_¼Wªø¡C³o»¡©ú¤F¤@Өƹê¡A¦a¤è©xû©Î±q¨Ê³£¬£©¹¦a¤èªº¤¤¥¡©xû¡A°£¤F¥LÌ©x¸ÅªºÂ§»ö¤§
¥~¡A¤£¥²ÄY®æ§êºt¾§®a«H®{ªº¨¤¦â¡C©Ò¥H¡A³o¨Ç©xû¥un¥LÌ«O«ù³Ì§C«×ªºÂÔ·V©M¤£¥¢Åé²Î¡A´N
¯à°÷ª½±µ©Î¶¡±µ¦a°Ñ»P®ü¤W¶T©ö¡C
¬°¤F¬ã¨s³o¨âÓ©RÃD¡AÀÀ«ØÄ³¹ï¤¤°ê¾ú¥vªº¤£¦P®É´Áª½¨ì¤Q¤K¥@¬ö¡A¶i¦æY¤z¤ñ¸û¡C®Ú¾Ú±N¤U±ÄÄ
©úªº²z¥Ñ¹º¤À¬°¤Uz¥|Ó¶¥¬q¬O´I¦³·N¸qªº¡G
1¡O¤½¤¸¤¥@¬ö«e¡F
2.¤¡Ð¤K¥@¬ö¡F
3.¤E¡Ð¤Q¥|¥@¬ö¡F
4.¤Q¥|¥@¬ö(1368¦~«á)¡Ð¤Q¤K¥@¬ö¡C
¦Ü©ó¹ï³o¶µ¬ã¨s¦³¥Îªº¤ñ¸û°ò¦¡A¥i¦CÁ|¦p¤U¡G
1.¹ï®ü¤W¶T©öªº»Ý¨D¡C³o©Mªu®ü¤H¤fªº¼Wªø¡A¥«³õ©M«°¥«ªº¿³°_¥H¤Î°ê¤º¶T©öªº¥[±j¦³±K¤ÁÃö«Y¡C
¥¦¨ú¨M©ó³°¤W¡B¦¿ªe©Mªu®ü¥æ³qªº§ï¶i¡A¤]¨ú¨M©ó®ø¶OµÛªº¥Í¬¡¤é¯qÁ¿¨sºë¬ü»¨µØ¡A¼ö¤¤©ó¥~°êªº
°ø¨×°Ó«~¡CÀHµÛ¥Í¬¡Á¿¨sµ{«×¥[²`¡A¬Y¤@®É´Á¥X²{ªº°ø¨×«~´N±NÅܦ¨¤U¤@®É´Áªº¥²»Ý«~¡C
2.¥Î©ó§ë¸ê©M«_·ÀI¨Æ·~ªº³Ñ¾l°]´I¡C³o³Ìªì¨ú¨M©ó¹A§øªº¥Í²£¤O¡B·sªº¹A§@ª««~ºØ¡B·sªºÄéµ@§Þ
³N©M·s¶}¾Áªº¥i¯Ñ¦a¡C¥Í²£¤Oªº´£°ª¶W¹L¤H¤f¼Wªø¡A«hªí©ú¥i±N³Ñ¾l°]´I¥Î¨Óµo®i°Ó·~©M¤u·~¡C³Ì
«á¡A§ë¸ê©M«_·ÀIªº¨Æ·~Á٨̾a¾÷·|¡A³o¦b¦UÓ¦a°Ï¤¬¤£¬Û¦P¡A¦ý¬O¾÷·|À³ÀHµÛ¨CӮɴÁ¤£Â_§ï
櫭C
3.«H¶U©Mª÷¿Ä¨î«×¡C³o¶µ¨Æª«µo®i¸û±ß¨Ã¥B¥²µM¥H¤Wz¨â¶µ¬°¨ä°ò¦¡G¹ï¶T©öªº¤j¶q»Ý¨D¡A©Mªø®É
´Á¤j³W¼Ò¥Î©ó¶T©ö¦³§Q¥i¹Ïªº³Ñ¾l°]´I¡C³Ìªì¡A¥¦¬O¥i¾a³f¹ôªº°ÝÃD¡F«á¨Ó¡A¥¦¨ú¨M©ó±qű¹ô¨ì¦U
ºØ¤ä²¼¡B¥»²¼¥H¤Î§ó¥[ÆF¬¡§Î¦¡ªº³q³fªºµo®i¡C«H¶U©Mª÷¿Ä¨î«×¦b¦UӮɴÁ¡B¦UÓ¦a¤èªº¥i¾a©Ê¦p
¦ó¡A«h¨ú¨M©ó¨ãÅ骺¬Fªv©M¸gÀÙ±¡ªp¡C
4.§Þ³Nªº¶i¨B¡C³o¬O¤@¤Á°ê¤º¥æ³q¡B¹A·~©M¤u·~§ÞÃÀªº°ò¦¡A¤×¨ä©M¹B¿é¤Î¯è®ü§Þ³N±K¤Á¬ÛÃö¡C¥Ñ
©ó©Ò¦³ªº§Þ³N¶i¨B³£¬O¤¬¬Ûʿ઺©Mº¥¶iªº¡A¦]¦¹¨CÓ§Þ³Nµo®i¶¥¬q³£¥²¶·¦b¨ä«e¤@ӮɴÁ»Ý¥X²{
¥²nªº¤@¨Ç¶i¨B¡C«nªº¬OÀ³¸Ó«ü¥X¡A¾Ôª§ªº»Ýn©l²×¬O§Þ³N¶i¨Bªº¤@Ón¯À¡A¦Ó¹B¿é©M¯è®ü§Þ
³N¡A¤S»Px¨Æ»Ýn¦³µÛºò±KªºÁp±µ¡C
5.¬FªvªºÃ©w¡C¤º³¡«q¶Ã©M¥~³¡«I²¤ªº¬Û¹ï¦MÀI¡A¦UӮɴÁ©M¦UÓ¦a°Ï¤]¦³©Ò¤£¦P¡C¥Ñ©ó¹ï¤¤°ê³°
¤WÃäæªº¥~³¡«Â¯Ù»·»·¶W¹L¹ï®ü¤WÃäæªº«Â¯Ù¡A¦]¦¹´N¦³Ãö®ü¤W¶T©ö¦Ó¨¥¡A¨Ó¦Û¤º³¡ªº«Â¯Ù¬O¯S§O
«nªº¡C¥u¦³·í´Â¥Nªº§ó´À¬O¥Ñ¥~±w¶i§ð©Ò¨M©w®É¡A¤~»P¥~³¡¨Æ¥ó¬ÛÃö¡C
6.¾§®aªººA«×¡C³oùئ³¨âÓ¤è±Ãö«Y¨ì®ü¥~¶T©ö¡G§Y¹ï©ó¶T©ö©M¥¦Ì¦bªÀ·|µ²ºc¤Î«Ò°ê¸gÀÙ¤¤ªº«
n©ÊªººA«×©M¹ï©ó¬F©²¤Î©x¹±¦b¶T©ö¤¤ªº§@¥ÎªººA«×¡C±q²z½×¤W»¡¡A³o¨âªÌ³£¨S¦³¸g¾ú¬Æ»òÅܤơA
¦ýÀHµÛ¤£®É¥X²{ªº¬Fµ¦ÅܤơA¦b¹ê½î¤W³£¬O«D±`ÆF¬¡ªº¡C
¨Ì§@ªÌ¹ï³o¤»Ó¥Dn¦]¯Àªº²z¸Ñ¡A¯Y¦A¦^¨ì«e±´£°_ªº¥|ӮɴÁ¡A¨Ã¥B«ö·Ó¦UӮɴÁ®ü¤W¶T©öªºµo
®i¨Ó¬ã¨s³o¨Ç¦]¯À¡C
6.1²Ä¤@¶¥¬q¡Ð¡Ð¤½¤¸¤¥@¬ö«e
·í¤T¥@¬ö©M¥|¥@¬ö®É¡AÁöµM¤¤°ê«n³¡©MªF«n³¡ªº¤H¤f¦³©Ò¼Wªø¡A¦ý¶T©ö±¡ªp¨Ã¨S¦³¥X²{«¤j§ïÅÜ¡C
¹ï¶T©öªº¥þ³¡»Ý¨D¤´µM¶°¤¤©ó¥_¤èªº¤j«°¥«°Ï°ì¡A¦Ó¥B¥_¤è»P«n¤è¤§¶¡ªº¥æ³q¸ô½u¤]¬O¦³ªº©Mì
©lªº¡C°£¤F¼s¦{©Mªe¤º¥æ³k¦a°Ï¯à°÷§ä¨ìÁcºaªº°Ó¸ë»E¶°¦a¥~¡A¦b«n³¡®ü©¤©Mªuªø¦¿¬y°ìªº¤Ö¼Æ¥D
n´ä°ð¤§¶¡¨S¦³«nªº¥«³õ¡C¾¨ºÞ³q©¹ªø¦¿¤fªºªu®ü¥æ³q¤w¬°¤H©Òª¾¡A¦ý¤]©|¥¼ºc¦¨¥Dnªº¶T©ö³q
¸ô¡C
¥_¤è¥Í²£¤F¤j¶q¥i¥Î©ó§ë¸ê©M·ÀI¨Æ·~ªº³Ñ¾l°]´I¡A¦ý¬O¯Ê¥F¸ñ¶Hªí©ú¹ï©ó§â³o¨Ç°]´I¨Ï¥Î¦bªø¦¿
¥H«n¨ü¨ì¦p¦ó«µø¡C¦]¬°¦b¥_¤è¦³µÛ¥R¤Àªº¾÷·|¥i¥H§â³Ñ¾l°]´I¥Î©ó¹A·~¡BÄq·~©M¤u·~¥HÀò±o§Q
¼í¡AµL½×¤½Àç¥ø·~©Î¬O¨pÀç¥ø·~³£ÁÙ¤£¯à¨Ï¨ä¯ÓºÉ¡C¦Ü©ó¥_¤è¤º³¡¶T©öªº¦³»Ý¨D¡A³æ¯ÂªºÉ¶U·~
°È¦ü¥G§Y¥i¹F¨ì¨ä¥Øªº¡A©Ò¥H¦®¦bº¡¨¬ªø´Á§Q¤j³W¼Ò»Ý¨Dªº«H¶U¨î«×¡A¨S¦³È±o¤µ¤Hª`·Nªºµo
®i¡C(8)
»¡°_§Þ³N¶i¨B¡A«n¤è©MªF«nªu®üªº¯è¹Bµo®i¡A¯S§O¬O¼sªF©MªF¨Ê¥æ³k¦a°Ïªº¶V¤H©Ò¶i¦æªº¯è¹B¬¡
°Ê¡AÃÒ©ú¤Fªu®üªº²î²í¥R¸Î¡B©¹¨Ó¥æ³q«n¡A¦ýÃø¥H½T©w¬O§_¸g±`»Ýn¨Ï¥Î»·¬v²î²í¡C«nªº¨Æ¹ê
¬O³o®É¤w¨ã³Æ¤F«Ø³y»·¬v²î²íªº§Þ³N¡A¦]¦¹·í¤T¥@¬ö¤¤´Á¡A¦¶^©M±d®õ(¤T°ê¡A§d)ªº±´ÀI¶¤³Q¬£©¹
ªF«n¨È®É¡A´N¯à¬°¥LÌ´£¨Ñ©Ò»Ýnªº»·¬v²î²í¡C(9)
¦Û±q¤½¤¸¤G¥@¬ö«á´Á¡AªFº~¤ý´Âµo¥Í«q¶Ã¤§«á¡A¦b¨âÓ¥b¥@¬ö¤º¤¤°ê«Ü¯àºû«ù¬Fªvéw¡C«n³¡¤¤°ê
´¿´X¦¸»P¥_¤è¹jµ´¡A¦b¸gÀÙ¤W¤£¯à¨Ì¾a´I¸Îªº¥_¤è¦U¬Ù¡A¦Ó³o¨Ç¬Ù¥÷¥»¥iÀ°§U«n¤èµo®i®ü¤W¶T©ö¡C
³oºØ¯Ê¥F¬Fªvéw©M°Ó·~¤Wªº¤¬¬Û¨Ì¿à¡A¥i¥H¥Î¨Ó¸ÑÄÀ¬°¬Æ»ò¦¹®É´Á¤¤°ê«n¤è¦b¸gÀÙµo®i¤è±¯Ê¥F
¶i®i¡C
³Ì«áÀ³¸Ó«ü¥X¡AÁöµM¤½¤¸«e¤G¥@¬ö«áªº¤j³¡¤À®É´Á¤¤¡A¾§®a«ä·Q¤w¦¨¬°¦û²Îªv¦a¦ìªº°ê®a·NÃѧÎ
ºA¡A¦ý¾§®aªººA«×¦b¦´Á¹ï©ó¸gÀÙµo®iÃö«Y¤£¤j¡C§ÚÌ¥u¯àÅG»¡¡A»Ý¨D¡B§ë¸ê©M«H¶U¨î«×µ¥«n¦]
¯À¨Ã¤£¦s¦b¡A¨º¬O¦]¬°³o¨Ç¦]¯Àªº¼Wªø¦b¤@©wµ{«×¤W¨ü¨ì¤F¾§®aÆ[©Àªºªýê¡C¦ý¨º¬O¤@Ó¤£¦Pªº°Ý
ÃD¡A¦b³oùØ¥i»¡¤Å±e¸m¨¥¤F¡C
6.2²Ä¤G¶¥¬q¡Ð¡Ð¤¦Ü¤K¥@¬ö
«e±¤w¦h¦¸´£¨ì¡A¤¤°ê«n¤èªº¤H¤f¦b³o¬q®É´Á¦³¤F¼Wªø¡CµM¦Ó§óȱoª`·Nªº¬O¡A³o¬q®É´Á¤¤¥«Âí¦b
¤¤ì¦a°Ïªº¼W¥[¡A³o¨Ç¥«Âí¦b¦¹«áªº´XÓ¥@¬öùØ¡A±N¬°«n¥_¤§¶¡´£¨Ñ·¥¨ä«nªº¶T©öÁpô¡C³°¤W©M
¤ô¤W¥æ³q¦³¤FÅãµÛ§ï¶i¡A¤C¥@¬öªì´Á¡A¶}³qÁpµ²ªø¦¿©M¶Àªeªº§»°¶ªº¤j¹Bªe¬O¤¤°ê°Ó·~¥v¤Wªº¤@Ó
Âà§éÂI¡C°£¦¹¤§¥~¡A¦ò±Ð¶Ç¤J¤¤°ê¤]±a¨Ó¤F³\¦h·sªº»Ý¨D¡A¨ä¤¤ªº¤@¨Ç»Ý¨D¥u¦³¨Ì¾a¼W¥[»P«n¨È¤Î
ªF«n¨Èªº¶T©öÃö«Y¤~¯à±o¨ìº¡¨¬¡C
¦P¼Ë¡A¤H¤f¦V«n¾E²¾¾ÉP¤F¶}ÅP·sªº¯Ñ¦a¡AºØ´Ó·sªº¹A§@ª«©M±q¥_¤è¤Þ¶i¥ý¶iªº¹A·~§Þ³N¡C¥i¥H
»¡¡A·sªº«n¤èæ°ì¦³«×¦a¼Wªø¤F³Ñ¾l°]´I¡A¦ý¬O¦]¬°³o¨Ç·sªºÃ¦°ì¨ÌµM¦s¦bµÛ¥R¤Àªº§ë¸ê¾÷·|¡A
©Ò¥H¤£»Ýn§â³Ñ¾l°]´I§ë¸ê©ó·ÀI§ó¤jªº®ü¥~¶T©ö¡Cºî¤W©Òz¡A¥i¥H»{¬°¶T©ö¬O¸òÀHµÛ«Ò°ê²Îªvªº
ÂX±i¦Óµo®i¡A¨Ã¦ù¦V¤¤°ê«n¤è¥»¨§ó»÷»·ªº°Ï°ì¡C(10)
¾¨ºÞ¦b¶T©ö¤W¥X²{¤F·sªº³Ñ¾l°]´I©M·sªº§ë¸ê¾÷·|¡A¥i¬O¤H̤@¤ß±Mª`ªº¤´µM¬O¹A·~¡C²³æªºÉ¶U
·~°È¦ü¥G¤w¸g¨¬°÷¤F¡AÁöµMÃö©ó·sªºÉ¶U¨î«×¦³¹L³\¦h¸ÕÅç¡A¯S§O¬O³q¹L¤j¶q¦ò±Ð¦x°|¤£Â_¼Wªøªº
»Ý¨D©Ò§@ªº¸ÕÅç¡A¦ý¬O¯Ê¥F¨¬¥H¹ªÀy¤H̥̫_¹ï¥~¶T©öªø´Á·ÀIªº¨ººØ·N¸q«¤jªºµo®i¡C(11)
§Þ³N¶i¨B¦b¹A·~¤è±¬OÅãµÛªº¡A¦ý¬O¥un»Ý¨D©M§ë¸êªº¥i¯à©Ê¤´µM¦³¡A³oºØ§Þ³N¶i¨B«K¤£¯à¯u¥¿
¼vÅT¨ì¹ï¥~¶T©ö¡CÁöµM¦³³\¦h®ü¤W¯è¹B«K§Qªº¸ñ¶H¡A¦ý©MªF«n¨È¡B¦L«×©Îªü©Ô§Bªº¯è¹B¤£¦P¡A¹ï¤¤
°ê¤H¦Ó¨¥³oºØ½×ÂI¬O¯Ê¥F»¡ªA¤Oªº¡C¬Ý°_¨Ó¡A·í®Éªº®ü¥~¶T©ö¥Dn¤´µM¬O¥Ñ«D¤¤°êªº²î²í¶i¦æªº¡C
¦Ü©ó¬FªvªºÃ©w¤è±¡A»Pªì𪽨줽¤¸755¦~ªº¤Ó¥²±¥@¬Û¤ñ¡A¤¤°ê«n¤è¦b³oӮɴÁªº«e¥b´Á¬O·¥
¬°°Ê¿º¤£¦wªº¡C¦¹³Bªº¤ñ¸û¥i¯à¤£¤Ó«n¡A¦]¬°¾Ú¥vÄy°O¸ü¡A«n´Âªº¤@¨Ç¡§«Ò°ê¡¨¡A¼B§º(¤½¤¸
420¡Ð479¦~)¡B±ç(¤½¤¸502¡Ð557¦~)¬Æ¦Ü³¯(¤½¤¸557¡Ð589¦~)¡A¬Fªv¤W³£¬Û·íéw¡A¦³§Q©ó¥¿¦b³B
©óÁcºa®É´Áªº¶T©öµo®i¡C§ó¬°«nªº¬O¡A¦b«n¥_´Âªº¤Àµõ®É´Á¡A¤¤°ê«n¤è§@¬°¤@Ó«Ò°ê©M¦æ¬Fªº
¹êÅé¡A¦³¾÷·|¾ÌÂÇ¥¦¦Û¤vªº¥«³õ©M¶T©ö»Ý¨D¡A¦¨ªø¬°¤@Ó¸gÀÙ³æ¦ì¡C³o¨Ç»Ý¨D¤¤ªº¤@³¡¤À¡A¥u¦³³q
¹L¹ï¥~¶T©ö¤~¯àº¡¨¬¡Fn°µ¨ì³oÂI¥u»Ýn¶T©ö¦Û¥Ñ¤§¥~¦A¥[¤W¤@ÂIÂI¬Fªv¯´§Ç¡C³oӮɴÁ¤¤ªº¾§®a
«ä·Q¤w¸g¥¢Ãd¡AÅܱoµL¨¬»´«¡A¾§®aªººA«×¹ï©ó§í¨î¸gÀÙ¼Wªø©M¹ï¥~¶T©ö¡A¤]¤w¤£°_§@¥Î¡C¦pªG¹ï
¥~¶T©ö¨S¦³¤©¤HÆf¥Øªºµo®i¡A¨º´N¬O¥X©ó½d³ò§ó¼sªxªº¸gÀÙ©M¬Fªv¦Ò¼{ªºµ²ªG¡C(12)
6.3²Ä¤T¶¥¬q¡Ð¡Ð¤E¦Ü¤Q¥|¥@¬ö(1368¦~«e)
±qªÀ·|©M¸gÀÙÅܤƪºÆ[ÂI¨Ó¬Ý¡A³o¬O¤@Ó³ÌÃöÁ䪺®É´Á¡C¤¤°ê«n¤èªº¤H¤fªº¼Wªø²v¨³³t´£°ª¡A¯S§O
¬O¦b¤E¦Ü¤Q¥@¬öªº±ßð©M¤¥N¤Q°ê®É´Á¥H¤Î«n§º(¤½¤¸1127¡Ð1276¦~)®É´Á¡C«nªº¥«³õ¦bªø¦¿¤f¥H
«nªºªu®ü©M¤º¦a³°Äò§Î¦¨¡AªuµÛ´X±ø¥Dn¸ô½u³q©¹¼s¦è¡B´ò«n¡B¦wÀ²¤Î´ò¥_¦U¬Ù¡C¦b¦UӤ象A¹ï
°Ó«~ªº»Ý¨D¼W¦h¤F¡A¤@Ӽƥؤé¼Wªº«°¥«¶¥¼hªºÁʶR¤O¤]´£°ª¤F¡A¦]¦Ó°ê¤º¥~ªº¶T©ö¦³¤FèB¶i
®i¡C¨ì¤F«n§º®É´Á¡A¥i¥H»¡®ø¶OµÛ¥Í¬¡¤WªºÁ¿¨s¹F¨ì«Ü°ªªºµ{«×¡A«e¦¹®É´Áªº°ø¨×«~³ºº¸¦¨¬°³oÓ
®É´Áªº¥²»Ý«~¤F¡C
¥Ñ¦¹¤Þ°_³Ñ¾l°]´Iªº¼W¥[¡A±q¦Ó«P¶i§ë¸ê©M«_·ÀIªº¨Æ·~ªºµo®i¡A³oùصL»ÝÂØz¡C³o±q²£«~°Ó«~¤Æ
½d³òªº¤£Â_ÂX¤j´N¥i¬Ý¥X¡C¦¹¥~¡A§ë¸êªº¾÷·|¤]¦³©Ò¼W¦h¡AÁöµM¨ä¤¤¤j³¡¤À¬O¦b¤g¦a¡B¹A·~¡B¸gÀÙ
§@ª«©M½Ñ¦p¦L¨ê¡B¯¼Â´¡B¬V®Æµ¥¤p«¬¤u·~¤è±¡A¬Ù©M¦a¤è·í§½(«n§º®É´Á¬Æ¦Ü¥]¬A´Â§Ê¦b¤º)ÁÙ¹ªÀy
¦V¹ï¥~¶T©ö§ë¸ê¡C(13)
¦P®É¡A¨¬°÷³W¼Òªº«H¶U©Mª÷¿Ä¨î«×¤]²Ä¤@¦¸¥X²{¤F¡C¦UºØ¦U¼Ëªº´Á²¼¨³³tµo®i¡A¥H¦Ü¦b¤¸´Â®É´Á¯È
¹ô¨ú¥N¤F¤j¦h¼Æ§Î¦¡Å±¹ô¡A³o®i¥Ü¤F¬F©²¡B°Ó¤H¥H¤Î¥¥Áªºª÷¿Ä¬¡°Ê¤w¹F¨ì»·«D²³æªºµ{«×¡CµM
¦Ó¡Aªýê¶i¤@¨B¦V²{¥N»È¦æ·~©M«H¶U¤u¨ã¥R¤Àµo®iªºì¦]¬O¡A¯Ê¥F«OÅ@¨p¤H°]´I¤£¨ü°ê®a¤Î¤@¨Ç³g
°ý©x¦O«I®`ªºªk«ß©M¬FªvÅé¨î¡C(14)
ÀHµÛ¦³§Q¹ï¥~¶T©öªº¤j³¡¤À¥ý¨M±ø¥óªº¥X²{¡A«Ü§Ö´N¦³¤F§Þ³N¤Wªº§ï¶i¡A¬°¤¤°ê¤H´£¨Ñ¤F¤@¨Ç·í®É
¦b¥@¬É¤W³Ì¥ý¶iªº»·¬v²î²í¡C³oÓ²{¶H¶i¤@¨BÃÒ¹ê¤F§Þ³N°ÝÃD¨Ã¤£¬Oªýê®ü¤W¶T©öµo®iªº¦]¯À¡C¤@
¥¹¦¹¶µ¶T©ö¨ã³Æ»Ý¨D¡A¦Ó¥B¸êª÷¯à°÷Äw¶°®É¡A§Þ³N¤W´N¤£·|¹J¨ìÄY«ªº§xÃø¡C(15)
¥t¤@¤è±¡A¬Fªvéw©M¾§®aªººA«×«o¬O«n¦]¯À¡C¦b³o¾ãӮɴÁ¤¤¡A°£¤Fð´Â¥½¦~©M«n§º¥½¦~ªº§ï
´Â´«¥N¤§¥~¡A«n¤è¬Û¹ïéw¡A¦]¦¹¥¦ªº¹ï¥~¶T©ö¹ê»Ú¤W¨S¦³¾D¨ì¤¤Â_¡C¥i¬O¡A¥_¤è³°¤WÃäæªº¨¾
°È¡A«h³y¦¨¤F°ê®a°]´Iªº·¥¤j®ø¯Ó¡A¦Ó¥B¥Ñ«Ò°ê©xû¯ó²v¼x¦¬ªº¡B²Ê¼É¡B¸g±`¬O¤©¨ú¤©¨Dªº°Ó·~
µ|¡A¤]¬O¹ï°Ó·~¸ê¥»¥D¸q¦¨ªøªº«¤j»Ùê¡C³o»P¾§®a¹ï©ó«Ò°ê©M°Ó¤H¶¥¼h¤§¶¡ªºÃö«Y©Ò®ÉªººA«×¦³
Ãö¡AÁöµM¥¦¨Ã¤£·N¨ýµÛ¾§®a¾Ç»¡ªý¼¸¤F¶T©ö¡C¤À²M³oÂI¬O¥²nªº¡A¦]¬°¨ã¦³¾§®a«ä·Qªº©xû¤]±`±`
¹ªÀy¬Æ¦Üª½±µ°Ñ»P°Ó·~¬¡°Ê¡C¦ý¬O¥L̪ºªÀ·|©M¬FªvÃö«Yªº·§©À§«Ãª¤F¥LÌ«³W¶T©öªº¸gÀÙ§Q¯q¡C
ªø»·¦Ó¨¥(¯S§O¬O¦b§º¥Nªº·s¾§®a¾Ç»¡¥X²{©M¾§®aªºÀu¶Õ¦a¦ì´_¿³«á)¡A´N¶T©ö¤Wªº¦X²zpºâ¦Ó¦³³o
²¦³º¬O¤@Ó¨î¬ù¦]¯À¡C(16)
6.4²Ä¥|¶¥¬q¡Ð¡Ð¤Q¥|¥@¬ö(1368¦~«á)¦Ü¤Q¤K¥@¬ö
¨ì¤F¤½¤¸1368¦~¡A¤¤°ê¤H¤w¸g¨ã³Æ¤FÁcºa°ê¤º¥~ªº´X¥G©Ò¦³¥ý¨M±ø¥ó¡C¤£Ãø¬Ý¥X¡A³o®É¤w²£¥Í¤F¹ï
®ü¤W¶T©öªº»Ý¨D¡A¿n²Ö¤F¥i¥Î©ó§ë¸ê©M±q¨Æ«_·ÀI¨Æ·~ªº³Ñ¾l°]´I¡A«Ø¥ß¤F«H¶U©Mª÷¿Ä¨î(¾¨ºÞ¤´
µM¤£¤jéT)¡A´x´¤¤F¯è®ü§Þ³N¡A¦Ó¥B¥X²{¤F¬Fªvéwªº§½±¡C¥i¥H«ü¥X¡A¶È¶È¬O¥Ñ©ó¬F©²ªºÅé
¨î¡A¥H¤Î¤ä¼µ¨ººØÅé¨îªº©xû©M¾§®aªººA«×¡A¤~¦¨¬°¤¤°ê¨«¦V«°Ó¥D¸q¤j°ê³oÓ¦ÛµMµo®iªº»Ùê¡C
¥i¬O¡A³oùØÁÙ¦s¦bµÛ¤@ӨϤ¤°ê¾ú¥v¾Ç®a»á·P§x´bªº°ÝÃD¡G¥¦¯à¥R¤À¸ÑÄÀ¬°¬Æ»ò¤¤°ê¦b¤Q¤¥@¬ö«á
¨S¦³Åܦ¨¥Dnªº«°Ó¥D¸q¤j°ê¶Ü¡H§Ú̯à§_´µ©w¡A¦pªG¤£¬O¥Ñ©ó¾§®a¹ï¤H©M¥Lªº¥@¬Éªº¬Ýªk¥D¾ÉµÛ
¤¤°ê¦U¥N´Â§Ê¡A¤¤°ê´N·|±q¨ºÓ®É´Á°_Åܬ°«°Ó°ê®a¡H³o¶µ±ÀÂ_«Ü©úÅ㤣¾A¥Î©ó§Ú̹ï«e¤T¬q®É´Á
ªº¦Ò¼{¡A¦b«e¤T¬q®É´ÁùØ¡A¾§®aÆ[©À©M«Ò°ê¬F©²ªº©Ê½è¨Ã¥¼ªýê¡A¤]¥¼¯à¨M©w®ü¤W¶T©öªºµo®i¦¨
ªø¡CµM¦Ó´N¦b©ú¥N³þ°ò¤§ªì¡A½T¤w¦³·N¦b¨È¬w®ü°ì¤W¦û¦³¬Û·íÀu¶Õ¡A¨Ã¤w¨ú±o¤F¥vµL«e¨Òªº¦¨´N¡A
¥u¬O¦b¨ä«á¤~°õ¦æ°w¹ï«n¨È¡BªF«n¨È¨î®ü¤W¶T©ö©M¹ï¥~Ãö«Yªº¬Fµ¦¡C¥Ñ©ó1435¦~(«Å©v«Å¼w¤Q¦~)
«áªº¬Fµ¦§ïÅܦp¦¹«æ¼@¡A¥H¦Ü±q¦¹¥H«á¨S¦³¤H¦A»{¯u¦a§â¤¤°ê¬Ý§@¤@Ó®ü¤W±j°ê¡C(17)
§@ªÌÄ@·N´£¥X¡A¦b©ú²M®É´Á¥H·s¥¿²Î§Î¦¡¥X²{ªº¾§®a«ä·Q¬OÓ¥Dn¦]¯À¡A³o¨Ã«D¦]¬°´¤¦³¬FªvÅv¤O
ªº¾§®a©x¹±Åé¨t¯u¥¿±±¨î¤F°ê®aµo®iªº¦UӤ象A¦Ó¬O¦]¬°¥¦©Ò¤ä«ùªº¬F©²Åé¨î¨M©w¤F¸gÀÙ©M§Þ³N
Åܲªº³\¦hÃöÁä¤è±¡C¯S§On·Q«ü¥Xªº¬O¥Î¹D¼w½d¨Ò¶i¦æªv²z°ê®aªºì«h¡A¥¦°§C¤F¹ï°]´I©M¸ê²£
µ¹¤©ªk«ß«Oµýªº«n©Ê¡A¤]¥¼¯à«OÅ@¤j³W¼Ò©Mªø´Á§ë¸ê©Ò¥²»Ýªº«H¶U»Pª÷¿Ä¨î«×¡C³oªÖ©w·|¼vÅT¨ì
³Ñ¾l°]´Iªº¿n²Ö©M¶T©ö¬¡°Êªº½d³ò¡C¬JµM³o¼Ëªº¬F©²¨M©w¤F´X¥G©Ò¦³À³¸ÓÀu¥ý¦Ò¼{ªº¨Æª«¡A·Q¥²¥¦
¤]³W©w¤Fþ¨Ç§Þ³N¶i®i¬O¥²nªº¡Aþ¨Ç¬O¤£¥²nªº¡C
³o¼Ë¤@¨Ó¡A¾§®aªººA«×´N¥i¥H³Q¦³§@¬O½T©wÁcºa®ü¤W¶T©ö¥ý¨M±ø¥óªº¨ú±Ë¼Ð·Ç¡C¦b¦´Á¡A¾§®aªººA
«×¨Ã¨S¦³°_¨ì¤z¹w§@¥Î¡A³o¤@¤è±¬O¦]¬°¥L̦b1368¦~(©ú¤Ó¯ª¬xªZ¤¸¦~)¥H«eÁÙ¨S¦³Åܱo¹³«á¨Ó¨º
¼Ë¦û¾ÚÀu¶Õ¡A¦A¤è±¬O¦]¬°·í®Éªº®ü¤W¶T©ö©|¥¼¹F¨ì¦p¦¹µ{«×¡A§Y¨ä¶i¤@¨Bµo®i´Nn§Î¦¨¹ï¾§±Ð°ê
®a¤½»{Æ[ÂIªº¬D¾Ô¡C©ó¬O¡A¨ã¦³¾§®a«ä·Qªº©xû¹ç¥i¨î¹ï¥~°ê°Ó«~ªº»Ý¨D¡A³£¤¹³\¥Á¶¡°Ó¤H¥hÄ~
Äòº¡¨¬¦b°ê¤º¤£¯à¸Ñ¨Mªº»Ý¨D¡C¾¨ºÞ¦b¤Q¤»¥@¬ö¡B¤Q¤C¥@¬ö¡B¤Q¤K¥@¬ö¡AÀHµÛ¦è¤è«I¤J«n¨È©MªF«n
¨È¡A§Î¶Õ¤w¸gµo¥ÍÅܤơA¤¤°ê«o¤´µM°í«ù³oºØ¬Fµ¦¡C
ÁÙ¥i¥HÁ|¥X¥t¥~¨âÂI¡A¤@ÂI»P¤¤°ê¥_¤è³°¤WÃä¹Ò¤£¹t¤Î©xû±Mª`©ó¨ä¨¾°È¦³Ãö¡C³o¨Ï±o©ú¥N³£«°¥Ñ
«n¨Ê¾E©¹¥_¨Ê¨Ã¥B©ñ±ó¤F¹ï®ü¤W¶T©öªº¿n·¥¿³½ì¡C¤¤°êªº¦a½t¦ì¸m¨ÌµM¬OÓ·¥¬°«nªº¦]¯À¡A¾ú´Â
¬F©²µL½×¬O§_±R©^¾§±Ð³£¤£¯à¹ï¨ä»´µø¡C²Ä¤GÂI¬O¡A¨ì¤F1368¦~¡A§ó½T¤Áªº¬O1700¦~(²M¸t¯ª±dº³
¤T¤Q¤E¦~)«á¡A«ö¨ä¤H¤f¼WªøÃB¨Ó¬Ý¨ä¥Í²£¤O¡A¤¤°êªº¸gÀÙ¥i¯à¤w¸g¹F¨ì¥u¯à«e¶i¤£¯à«á°hªº¦a
¨B¡A¦pªG¦b¹A·~¡B°Ó·~¡B¤u·~©M¸gÀç§Þ³N¤è±¤£§@¸û¤jªºÅܲ¡A«Ü¥i¯à¤w¸g¿ù¹L¤F¤ñ¸û¶¶§Q¦a±q¹A
·~¸gÀÙ¹L´ç¨ì«°Ó¥D¸q¸gÀÙªº®É¾÷¡C±R©^¾§®a«ä·Qªº©x¹±¤]³\¤x¸g·NÃѨì³oÂI¡A¦ý¬O¥LÌ¿ù»~¦a»{
¬°¡A¥X¸ô¦b©ó˦^¨ì¹L¥hªº¥ú½÷·³¤ë¡C
²{¦b¦^¨Ó¦A½Í«e±©Ò´£¥Xªº¡§¤½À硨»P¡§¨pÀ硨¶T©öªº°Ï§O¡A¨Ã¥B«ö¤Wzªº´XӮɴÁ¨ÓÆ[¹î³oºØ°Ï
§O¡C§@ªÌªº¨âÓ©RÃD¡A§Y¡§¤½À硨¶T©ö¬O¥Ñ¾§®aªºµ½¬F«ä·Q©Ò¨M©wªº©M¡§¨pÀ硨¶T©ö¯à¿³©ô©ó»·Â÷
³£«°ªº¤f©¤¤D¬O¦]¬°©xûµL¶·§êºtÄY®æªº¾§®a«H®{ªº¨¤¦â¡A¨âªÌªº¦¨¥ß³£¶·¦³±ø¥ó¡A³£¦]®É¦]¦a¦Ó
¦³©Ò¤£¦P¡C¹ï©ó²Ä¤@Ó©RÃD¡A¥²¶·»¡©ú¾§®aªºµ½¬F«ä·Q¦b1368¦~«eªº¤j³¡¤À¥@¬ö¤¤¨Ã¥¼¦û¾Ú¤ä°t¦a
¦ì¡A§Y¨Ï¹³¦b«n§º®É´Á¨º¼Ë¦û¤FÀu¶Õ¡A¥¦¤]n¨ü¨ì¥Ñ©óº³£¦ì©ó«n³¡©Mªu®ü¦a°ÏªºÁ{¦w¡A±q¦Ó»Ý¨D
¤£¦P¦Ó¶·§@¬ÛÀ³ªº×q¡C¦Ü©ó²Ä¤GÓ©RÃD¡A¤]»Ý»¡©ú³o¼Ë¤@Өƹê¡A§Y¡§¨pÀ硨¶T©ö쥻¬O®Ú¾Ú¸g
ÀÙªº¦X²z»Ý¨D¦Óµo®i°_¨Óªº¡Aª½¨ì¤½¤¸1368¦~¯S§O¬O¤½¤¸1435¦~«á¡A¤~¾D¨ì¾§®aÆ[ÂIªº§í¨î¡A¦]¬°
¦¹«áªº¬Fªv¤¤¤ß¤@ª½¦ì©ó¥_¤è¡C¶È¶È¬O±q¨º®É¥H«á¡A¤~¯à§â¡§¨pÀ硨¶T©ö©Mªu®ü¦a¤è©xû·Ç³Æ§êºt
ªº¨¤¦âÁpô°_¨Ó¡C
¦pªG§Ú̧â³oÓ°ÝÃD¤Þ¦ù¤@¨B¡A³q¹L¹ï¤Wz¦UÓ¶¥¬qªºÆ[¹î¡AÁÙ¥i¥HÁp·Q¨ì¦´Áªº¾§®a¾Ç»¡¦b¡§¤½
À硨¶T©ö©Î¡§¨pÀ硨¶T©ö¨â¤è±³£¤£¬O¤@Ó«n¦]¯À¡C¦]¬°¦b²Ä¤@¶¥¬q©M²Ä¤G¶¥¬q¤¤¡A¾§®a¾Ç»¡©|
¥¼¤z¹w¸gÀÙ¬¡°Ê¡A§Y¨S¦³ª½±µ¼vÅT¡§¤½À硨¶T©ö©M¡§¨pÀ硨¶T©öªº©Ê½è¡A¤]¨S¦³¼vÅT¨ä¼Wªø²v¡C¶È
¶È¬O¦b²Ä¤T¶¥¬qªº«á¥b´Á¡A¾§®a¾Ç»¡¥H·s¾§®a¾Ç»¡ªº±»ª¥X²{«á¡A¤~¦A¦¸Åܱo«n°_¨Ó¡CÀHµÛ·s¾§
®a¾Ç»¡ªº¿³°_¡A¡§¤½À硨¶T©ö´X¥G§¹¥þ®ø¥¢¡A¦Ó¡§¨pÀ硨¶T©ö«hÄ~Äòµo®iª½¨ì³Q»{¬°¬O¹H¤Ï¨Ã«Â¯Ù
¤F¾§®a«ä·QÅé¨tªºµ{«×¡C¦pªG³o¬O¹ï¾§®a¾Ç»¡¦b¤¤°ê®ü¤W¶T©ö¥v¤W©Ò°_§@¥Îªº¥¿½Tµû»ùªº¸Ü¡A¨º»ò
À³¸Ó´£¥X¡A´¿ªø´Á¨Ï¾ú¥v¾Ç®a¬°¤§°g´bªº¤½¤¸1368¡Ð1435¦~¶¡¤¤°ê¯è®ü¬¡°Ê²§¥G´M±`ªºµo®i¡A½T¹ê
¬O¤@ºØ°¸µM±¡ªp¡C¤]´N¬O»¡¡A¤£¯à§â©ú´Âªì´Á¤»¤Q¤¦~¥ª¥k©ÒÅã¥Üªº®ü¤W¹ê¤O¬Ý§@¤¤°ê¬Fªv¸gÀÙ¥v
¦b«O¦uªº¾§®a©x¹±§í¨î¤Uªº¦ÛµM¦¨ªG¡A¦ÓÀ³·í¬Ý¦¨¤@Ó¨Ò¥~²{¶H¡C¥un¬xªZ«Ò(¤½¤¸1368¡Ð1398¦~)
©M¥Ã¼Ö«Ò(¤½¤¸1402¡Ð1424¦~)¤´µM¦b¦ì¡A³oºØ²{¶H´N«ùÄò¤U¥h¡C¥i¬O¡A¤@¥¹·s¬Ó¶à¦ì¡A¶Ç²Îªºª¬ºA
³Q¤¹³\«ì´_§¡¶Õ¡A¥¦´N·Ï®ø¶³´²¤F¡C(18)
µùÄÀ¡G
(1)±ßð¤Î¤¥N®É´Á¡A«n§º¤Î¤¸¥N¡A¥H¤Î1435¦~«áªº´XÓ¥@¬ö¡A¦³Ãö³o¤è±ªºÃÒ¾Ú·¥¦h¡C
¨£F. Hirth and W. W. Rockhill, Chau Ju-kua, (st. Petersburg, 1911); W. W. Rockhill,
"Notes on the relations and trade of china", in Toung Pao, XV and XVI, 1914-1915;
Chang Tien-tse, SinoPortuguese Trade From 1514 to 1644 (Leiden, 1934); G. F. Hourani,
Arab Seafaring (Princeton, 1951)¡C
(2)¡mº~®Ñ¡n¡A¨÷28¡A27¡C(¦U´Â¥N¾ú¥v§¡¥Î¦ÊÓÔ¥»¤G¤Q¥|¥v)
(3)Wang Gungwu, "The Nanhai Trade" in Journal of the Malaysian Branch Royal Asiatic
society, Vol. 3l, Part 2, June 1958, PP. 31-61, 118-123.
(4)¡m®Ê®Ñ¡n¡A¨÷33¡A12¥Ò¡F37¡A4¤A¡F90¡A9¤A¡A97¡A9¤A¡Ð10¥Ò¡C¡m§º®Ñ¡n¡A
(5)Wang Cungwu, "The Nanhai Trade", PP. 71-112.
(6)F. Hirth and W. W. Rockhill, Chau Ju-Kua, ¤Î W. W. Rockhill, "Notes on the
relations and trade of China". «n§º¤Î¤¸¥N ¾ãӮɴÁ¡A¨Ó¦Û®ü¥~ªº´Â°^¹é¹éµL´X¡A¦Ó´£¤Î®ü
¤W¶T©öªº½d³ò¤ÎºØÃþªº¸ê®Æ«h¤ñ¤ñ¬Ò¬O¡C
(7)Wang Cungwu, "Early Ming Relations with Southeast Asia", in
J. K. Fairbank (ed.), The Chinese World Order (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), pp. 34-62.
(8)N. L. Swann, Food and Money in Ancient China (Priceton, 1950); Yang Lien-sheng,
Money and Credit in China (Cambridge, Mass., 1952); H.Bielenstein, "The Census of
China during the period 2-742 A.D.", in Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern
Antiguities, XIX, 1947, PP. 125-163; E. Balaze, Le traiTe economique du
(Souei-Chou) (Leiden, 1953); Wang Gungwu, "The Nanhai Trade", PP. 16-45. ¤×¨ä¦³Ãö
ªº¬O¡mº~®Ñ¡n¨÷24¥Ò¡Ð¤A¡A©M¨÷28¥Ò¡Ð¤A¡A¡m«áº~®Ñ¡n¨÷109 ¡Ð113¤Î¡m®Ê®Ñ¡n¨÷26¡C
¨÷97¡A29¤A¡C¡m«n»ô®Ñ¡n¡A¨÷31¡A6¤A¡F32¡A2¥Ò¡C¡m±ç®Ñ¡n¡A¨÷33¡A2¤A¡Ð3¥Ò¡C
(9)Wang Cungwu, "The Nanhai Trade", P. 33.
(10)H. Bielenstein, "The Census of China"; E. Balazs, Le traite economique;
Wang Gungwu, "The Nanhai Trade".
(11)Yang Lien-sheng, Money and Credit in China, and J. Gernet, Les aspects
economiques du Bouddhisme dans la societe chinoise du Ve au Xe siecle
(Saigon, 1956).
(12)Wang Cungwu, "The Nanhai Trade", PP.46-89. ðªìªº©x¦¡¾§®a¨å³¹¦ü¥G¹ï«n¤è¤f©¤ªº
®ü¤W¶T©ö°ÝÃD¨S¦³¥ô¦ó ¼vÅT¡C¥«²í¥qÄݫƩx¤Î¤º§ÊºÞÁÒ¡A«n¤è©x¦O«h¦³«OÅ@¶T©ö¤§Â¾¡F³³§Æ
¸t¤ÎÁù²M»·µÛ¡mð¥N¸gÀÙ¥v¡n(¤W®ü¡A 1936¦~)¡A¶76-80¡C
(13)¡mÂÂð®Ñ¡n¡A¨÷38-41¡F¡m·sð®Ñ¡n¡A¨÷37-43¤A¡F§d¥ô¦Ú¡m¤Q°ê¬K¬î¡n1793¦~ª©¡A
Kato Shigeshi, "On the Hang or the Associations of Merchants in China",
Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko, IX, 1936, pp. 45-83;
J. Gernet, Daily Life in China on the eve of the Mongol Invasion,
tr. H. M. Wright, (London, 1962); P. Wheatley, "Geographical Notes on some
Commodities involved in Sung Maritime Trade", in Journal of the Malayan
Branch Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 32, Part 2, 1959.
(14)Yang tien-sheng, Money and Credit in China, pp. 51-67; E. Balazs,
"The Birth of Capitalism in China", ¨£Chinese Ciuilisation and Bureaucracy
(Yale University Press: New Haven, 1964), pp. 34-54.
(15)Lo Jung-pang, The Emergence of China as a Sea Power during the Late
Sung and Early Yuan Periods, ¸üFar Eastern Quarterly, XIV, 1954-55, pp. 489-503.
(16)Kato Shigeshi, Shina Keitaishi Kosho (Tokyo, Vol. 1, 1952),
PP. 299-379; Vol. 2, 1953, pp. 176-221.
tE. Balazs, "The Birth of Capitalism in China".
(17)Lo Jung-pang, "The Decline of the Early Ming Navy", ¨£Oriens Extremus,
V, 1958-59, pp. 149-168.
(18)´X¥G²@µL¨Ò¥~¡A¾ÇµÛ§¡¹ï1405¡Ð1435ªº´X¦¸°¶¤j»·©º§@¬°¤¤°ê¾ú¥v¤W²§¥G´M±`ªº¨Æ
¥ó¥[¥H¬ã¨s¡C¤£¹L« ÂI«h©ñ¦b³o´X¦¸»·©º¬°¬Æ»ò·|¥Ñ¥Ã¼Ö«Ò¶}©l¦Ó¥Ñ¾§±Ð©x¹±µ²§ô¡C§@
ªÌ¥»¤H´¿©ó§O³B´£¥X¡A¥²¶·§ó¬°¥J²Ó¦a¦Ò ¹î¬xªZ«Òªº¬Fµ¦¡AÀ³±N¥L©M¥L¨à¤lªº¨â´Âµø§@
¤¤°ê¾ú¥v¤W¨ã¦³³Ð·s¡B¬Æ¦Ü¦³²©R©Êªº´Â¥N¡C¦]¦¹¡A¹ï¥L̪º ¬Fµ¦ªº§ó©ö¡A¥i¥Hµø§@¬O
«ì´_¼Ð·Çµ¦²¤©Î¦^´_ÂÂÅé¨îªºµ²ªG¡C¨£Wang Gungwu, Early Ming Relalons with
Southeast Asia; ¤ÎJ. Bastin and R. Roolvink (eds.) Malayan and Indonesian
Studies (Oxford, 1964), pp. 87-104, "The Opening of relations between China
and Malacca, 1403-1405"¡C
µR³¾¤åÃÀ
ªð¦^