ÎÂÈÎÆ½×÷Æ·¼¯
Âí»ªÎÄѧÌåÖÆ³õ̽
30-9-2000
ÎÂÈÎÆ½
Âí»ªÎÄѧÓÐ×Ô¼ºµÄÌåÖÆÂð£¿ÕâÊÇÒ»¸öÀ§»óÎÒ¶àʱµÄÎÊÌâ¡£
ÎÄѧÌåÖÆÓÐËüµÄ½á¹¹ÐÔ£¬Õâ°üÀ¨Éú²ú¡¢·¢±íÎÄѧ×÷Æ·µÄýÌå¡¢³ö°æÉçÓëÆäËû½Ï´ÎÒªµ«È´
²¢·Ç²»ÖØÒªµÄ¹ÜµÀ£¬ÏñÒÑÍ£¿¯Á˵ġ¶½¶·ç¡·Óë¡¶ÇàÊáСվ¡·£¬Ïñ×÷гöµÄ°ëÄ꿯¡¶Âí»ª
×÷¼Ò¡·¡¢Åùö¨ÎÄÒÕÑо¿»á¿¯Ðеġ¶ÇåÁ÷¡·£¬»¹ÓÐÉÏÁËÍøÂçµÄ¡¶Ò¬×ÓÎÝ¡·ºÍ¸¦³ö°æ´´¿¯ºÅ
µÄ¡¶Óб¾ÔÓÖ¾¡·¡£Ò»Ð©ÉçÍŰüÀ¨´óÂí×÷С¢Âí´óÖÐÎÄϵлáÓëÆäËû»á¹ÝÒÔ²»Í¬·½Ê½ÔÞÖú
×÷Õß³öÊ飬һЩÎÄ»¯»ú¹¹ÉèÎÄѧ½±£¬Ö÷°ìÎÄѧ´´×÷±ÈÈü£¬ÌáЯ¡¢·¢¾òÎÄ̳ÐÂÐ㣬¸ÄÉÆÎÄ
ѧÉú̬£¬¶¼ÊôÓÚÎÄѧÌåÖÆµÄ×é³É²¿·Ö¡£
Âí»ªÎÄѧÌåÖÆµÄ¡°´àÈõÐÔ¡±(fragility) ʵÔÚÌ«Ã÷ÏÔÁË¡£ÀúÊ·ÓÆ¾ÃµÄ¡¶½¶·ç¡·Í£¿¯£¬ÒÔ
Öлª´ó»áÌÃΪÊ×£¬×ÊÔ´²ÆÁ¦½ÏÐÛºñµÄ¶à¸ö»ªÍŵ¥Î»£¬ËäÔø°ä·¢¶à½ì³ö°æ»ù½ðÐÖú¹úÄÚ×÷
¼Ò³öÊ飬±íÏÖÆÄΪ»ý¼«£¬ºóÀ´Ôò×Ô¶¯È¡ÏûÕâÀà×ÊÖú¼Æ»®£¬·´Ó³³ö»ªÍŵÄÎĽ̲ßÂÔÆ®Ò¡²»
¶¨ÎÞ·¨ÖƶȻ¯¡£ÎÄѧ×÷Æ·µÄÉç»áÁìÊ?social acceptance)²»½öÒª¿´ËüÓÐûÓжÁÕߣ¬Ò²Òª
¿´ËüÄÜ·ñµÃµ½¹«ÖÚÈÏ¿ÉÓë¾¼ÃÖ§Ô®¡£ÔÚ¾¼ÃÖ§Ô®Õâ¸ö²ãÃæÉÏ£¬Âí»ªÎÄѧµÄ¼ÊÓöʱºÃʱ
»µ£¬Ò»Ð©ÈÈÐÄÈËÊ¿ÏñÄö½ÕŵÂ÷ëÒÔ¸öÈËÃûÒåÔÞÖú×÷¼Ò³öÊéµÄÀý×Ó£¬²¢²»¶à¼û¡£Õâ¸ö»·½Ú
µÄÂí»ªÎÄѧÌåÖÆÓèÈ˵ÄÓ¡ÏóÊdzäÂúÁ˱äÊý¡£
ÖÐÎÄÔìÒèÆ«µÍ
µ±È»£¬ÎÄѧÌåÖÆÎ޿ɱÜÃâµØÊܵ½½ÌÓýÌåÖÆµÄÓ°Ïì¡£×÷¼Ò²»¿ÉÄÜÒ»µ®ÉúÏÂÀ´±ãÊÇ×÷¼Ò£¬Ëû
µÃ¾¹ýÓïÎĵÄѵÁ·¡¢ÔĶÁµÄå¦È¾£¬¼¼ÇɵÄÚÇí£¬»¹ÓÐËû±ØÐëÓÐÊéдµÄÄÚÔڳ嶯¡£ÈçʵµØ
˵£¬ÎÞ»ªÎĽÌÓýÔòÎÞÂí»ªÎÄѧ¡£»ªÎĽÌÓýήÈõÔòÎÄѧ´´×÷È˲ŵòÁ㣬×÷Æ·ËØÖʵÍÂä¡£ÐÂ
¼ÓÆÂÊÇÒ»¸öÁÚ½üµÄÀý×Ó¡£ÔÚ»ªÎĽÌÓý¸ùÔ´½Ø¶ÏÖ®ºó£¬ÐÂÒ»´úµÄ×÷¼ÒÉÙÖ®ÓÖÉÙ£¬Ä¿Ç°´´×÷
״̬ÈԼѵÄ×÷¼ÒÀϳɵòлºó£¬Ð»ªÎÄ̳¿ÖÅÂֻʣ¿Õ¿ÇÒ»¸ö¡£
¾ÍÎҵĹ۲죬Âí»ª×÷¼ÒËäÓд´×÷µÄÒâÔ¸£¬È´àóÓÚÓïÎļÝÍÔÄÜÁ¦Ö®²»×㣬×÷Æ·µÄËØÖÊÉõÄÑ
ÌáÉý¡£ÒÔÖÐÎå»ò¸ßÖÐÈýµÄÖÐÎÄÔìÒèд³öÀ´µÄ×÷Æ·Õ¼ÁËÂí»ªÎÄѧ×ÜÉú²ú¼«Îª¿É¹ÛµÄ·ÝÁ¿¡£
µ±È»ÎÒÃDz»ÄÜ·ñ¶¨×Ôѧ³É¹¦ÓÖÄÜ×ÔÎÒ³¬Ô½µÄÀý×Ó£¬Ç°±²Ñ§ÕßÈçǮ쬹úÄÚ×÷¼ÒÈçÕų¾Òò
£¨Õž°ÔÆ£©£¬¶¼Ã»ÊܹýÕýͳµÄ¸ßµÈ½ÌÓý£¬µ«¶¼¸÷Óгɾ͡£±¾ÎÄÌÖÂÛµÄÊÇÒ»°ãÏÖÏó¡£Èç¹û
ÎÒÃǵĻªÎĽÌÓýÍ£ÖÍÔÚ¸ßÖвã´Î£¨Ô½Ñó¸°Ì¨ÉîÔìÕßÏÂÎÄ»áÂÛ¼°£©£¬ÎÒÃǵÄ×÷¼Ò´ó¸ÅÖ»ÄÜ
ÓÃÖÐÎå/ ¸ßÈýµÄÖÐÎij̶ÈÈ¥½øÐÐÊéд¡£ÔÚ¡°¹¤ÓûÉÆÆäʱØÏÈÀûÆäÆ÷¡±µÄǰÌáÏ£¬Âí»ª×÷
¼ÒÊÖÉϵÄÓïÎÄÆ÷¾ßÊDz»¹»·æÀûµÄ¡£
´óÂíÉç»áµÄ600ÍòÈ˿ڲ»ÊÇûÓÐÎÄѧÈ˲ţ¬ÎÒÃÇȱ·¦µÄÊÇÌåÖÆÌṩµÄÅàÑøÓëѵÁ·¡£
×÷Æ··¢±íµÄÔ°µØ£¬Êé¼®³ö°æµÄ»ú»á£¬ÕâÊÇÎÄѧÌåÖÆ×îÖØÒªµÄ»·½Ú£¬ÏÈÌÖÂÛǰÕß¡£ÄÏÑóÉÌ
±¨Ã¿ÖÜ¿¯³öÁ½´ÎµÄ¡¶ÄÏÑóÎÄÒÕ¡·£¬ÓëÐÇÖÞÈÕ±¨Ã¿ÖÜÁ½°æµÄ¡¶ÎÄÒÕ´ºÇï¡·£¬Äܼû±¨µÄÎÄѧ
×÷ƷʵÔڷdz£ÓÐÏÞ¡£ÄÜÔÚÕâЩ԰µØáÈÆðµÄÎÄѧÐÂÈË£¬±ØÐë¾ß±¸ÏÂÁÐÌõ¼þ£ºËû±ØÐëд×÷²»
ê¡£¬Í¶¸åÒàÇÚ£¬×÷Æ·±íÏÖ²»Ëס£ÓÃÒ»¾äǰÏÖ´úµÄÆÀÓÄDZãÊÇ×÷Æ·ÆÄÓд´Òâ¡£¾¹ýÒ»¶Î
ʱ¼äµÄ¡°ÇÀ̲¡±ºó£¬ÖÕÓÚÎüÒýµ½ÎÄÒÕ¸±¿¯±àÕߵĴ¹Ç࣬¸øÓ迯µÇ¡£ÈÕ»ýÔÂÀÛ£¬½¥¶øµìÁ¢
ÉùÃû¡£²»¹ý£¬ÔÚÕâ¸öд×÷Æø·ÕÆÕ±éµÍÂäµÄµ±Ç°ÎÄ̳£¬»¹ÓжàÉÙÄêÇáÈËÄÇô¡°ËÀÐÄÑÛ¡±£¬
ʵÔÚÊǸöÒÉÎÊ¡£
д×÷È˲ÅÁ÷ʧÑÏÖØ
¼´Ê¹Ò»Ð©ÄêÇá×÷¼ÒÓÐÁËÈô¸ÉÖªÃû¶ÈÖ®ºó£¬Ò²²»Äܿ϶¨ËûÃÇÔÚÎÄѧµÄ·ÉÏÄÜ×ß¶à¾Ã£¬Ô¸Òâ
²»Ô¸Òâ×ßÏÂÈ¥¡£Å®ÐÔ×÷ÕßÁ÷ʧµÄÇé¿ö±ÈÄÐÐÔ×÷¼Ò»¹ÒªÑÏÖØ£¬½á»éÉú×ÓÍùÍù»®ÏÂÁËÅ®×÷¼Ò
д×÷ÉúÑĵľäºÅ¡£ÄÐÐÔ×÷¼ÒΪÉú»î·Ü¶·£¬×¬Ç®Ñø¼ÒÖ®âÅ»¹ÓжàÉÙâÅϾ¶ÁÊéд×÷£¬´ð°¸Òà
²»ÈݺöÊÓ¡£Âí»ªÎÄѧÌåÖÆÑø²»ÆðÖ°Òµ×÷¼Ò£¬»Æ½ø·¢ºôÓõÌá¸ß¸å³ê£¬Èç¹û»ñµÃ¸÷±¨Ö÷ÊÂÈË
µÄÏìÓ¦£¬Ò²Ö»ÄÜÉÔÉÔ¸ÄÉÆÐ´×÷È˵ĴýÓö£¬ÈÔÎÞ·¨·öÒ´³öÖ°Òµ×÷¼Ò¡£Ì¨ÍåµÄÇíÑþ³öÊéÒ»°æ
Á½Íò²á£¬»òÕßÏñÀî°ºµÄ¡¶±±¸ÛÏã¯ÈËÈË²å¡·ÃæÊÀÁ½¸öÔ¼´ÈÈÂô10Íò²áµÄÆæ¼££¬²»¿ÉÄÜÔÚ
Âí»ªÎÄ̳³öÏÖ¡£
ÔÙ̸³ö°æÇé¿ö£¬Ä¿Ç°×î¾ßÆó»®¹æÄ£µÄÊÇ´ó½«ÊÂÒµÉ磬ÿÔÂÔ¼³öÊé 4ÖÖ£¬¹À¼Æ1999ÖÁ2000
ÄêÄêè¿ɳöÊé100ÖÖ¡£´ó½«ÓÐ×Ô¼ºµÄÐÐÏúÍøÓë´ÙÏú²ßÂÔ£¬ÖØÒªµÄ¾Ýµã£¬Ïñ´óÖÚÊé¾Ö¡¢MPH¡¢
ÉÌÎñÊé¾ÖµÈ¶¼ÓаÚÂô´ó½«³ö°æµÄ¸÷ÀàÊé¼®¡£´ó½«¸ºÔðÈËҲͨ¹ýÆäËû»î¶¯Ôö¼Ó×÷ÕßµÄÆØ¹â
ÂÊÓëÖªÃû¶È£¬Ê¹Êé¼®Äܹ»ÏúÐгöÈ¥¡£¹ýÈ¥ÎIJɳö°æÉç¡¢ÔóÒ÷³ö°æÉçÌæÂí´ó¡¢¹ú´ó¡¢ÀÂü
µÄÄêÇá×÷Õß³öÊ飬ÔÚÍÆ¹ãУ԰ÎÄѧ·½Ãæ³öÁ˲»ÉÙÁ¦£¬Êé³ö°æºó£¬Ïû·ÑÕß¶àÊÇÕ⼸¼ä´óר
ѧ¸®µÄѧÉú£¬²¿·ÖÊé¼®Ò²Óз¢Ðе½³ÇÖеÄÊé¾ÖÈ¥£¬Î¨ÐÐÏú²ßÂÔÔò²»Èç½ñÈյĴó½«ÊÂÒµÉç
Ö®ÍêÉÆ¡£Ä¿Ç°µÄÎIJɡ¢ÔóÒ÷±È½Ï³Á¼Å£¬È¡¶ø´úÖ®µÄÊǼѻԳö°æÉ磬³ö°æ´óרѧÉúµÄ×÷
Æ·£¬ÎªÐ£Ô°ÎÄѧ³ÖÐø±£Î¡£
´óÂí×÷Ð×÷Ϊһ¸öÈ«¹úÐÔµÄ×÷¼ÒÍÅÌ壬×ÔÈ»ÊÇÂí»ªÎÄѧÌåÖÆµÄÖØÒª¹¹³É²¿·Ö¡£×÷ÐÖ÷°ì
¹ý²»ÉÙÎÄѧ»î¶¯£¬°üÀ¨ÎÄѧÑÐÌÖ»áµÈ£¬Æä¼äÒÔÖ÷°ìÁË6 ½ìµÄ¡°Ð´×÷½²Ï°°à¡±×î»ñºÃÆÀ¡£
²ÎÓ뽲ϰ°àµÄ¶àÊÇ20ËêÉÏϵÄÎÄÒÕÇàÄ꣬6½ì¼ÓÆðÀ´µÄ×ÜÈËÊýÔ¼400ÈË£¬ÓÚÌṩÎÄѧ֪ʶ
ÓëѵÁ·È˲ŷ½Ã棬¹±Ï××î´ó¡£80Äê´úÄ©×÷гï°ìÂí»ªÎÄѧ½ÚÊÇÕùÈ¡»ªÈËÉç»áÈϿɵľÙ
´ë£¬Óгɾ͵Ä×÷¼ÒÔÚÎÄѧ½ÚµÄ³¡ºÏÉÏÊܵ½±íÑï¡£×÷ÐÕâ20ÄêÀ´³ö°æÁË×÷ÐÎĿ⼰ÆäËû´Ô
Êé70âÅÖÖ£¬ËØÖʲβÆë£¬ÆÄΪÈËÚ¸²¡¡£²»¹ýÁ¬ÎÄÒÕËö̸£¬ÎÄ̳ÐõÓïÒ»ÀàºÁÎÞÀíÂÛÒâÒå
µÄ¡°¼ÙÂÛÊö¡±(pseudo discourse)Ò²ÕÕÑù¿¯ÐУ¬·´Ó³³öÀ´µÄÎÊÌâÊÇ×÷Ðȱ·¦Éó¸å»úÖÆ£¬
Ôì³É×ÊÔ´ÀË·Ñ£¬¶ø¶àλ×÷ÐÀíÊÂµÄÆµÆµ³öÏÖÓÚ×÷гö°æµÄÊé¼®£¬ÒàÄÑÃâÓй«Æ÷˽ÓÃÖ®
ÏÓ¡£×÷ÐĿǰÕýÔÚ±à×ë×ÅÒ»Ì×10²áµÄ¡¶Âí»ªÎÄѧ´óϵ1965£1996Äê¡·£¬ÕâÊÇ×÷Ð×÷Ϊһ
¸öÈ«¹úÐÔµÄ×÷¼ÒÍÅÌåÆóͼ½¨Á¢Âí»ªÎÄѧ´«Í³µÄŬÁ¦¡£³É¹ûÈçºÎ£¬Ò»Ù¹´óÏµÃæÊÀ£¬×ÔÓй«
ÂÛ¡£µØ·½ÐÔµÄ×÷¼ÒÉçÍÅÏñÄÏÂíÎÄÒÕÑо¿»á£¬ÔÚÅàѵ¡¢ÁªÏµ¼°ÐÖúÇøÓòд×÷È˳ö°æ¸öÈ˽á
¼¯·½Ã棬°çÑÝÖØÒªµÄÖн顣¶ÀÖÐÓë¹úÖеĻªÎÄѧ»á»òÔò°çÑÝÁËÅàÓýÎÄѧÖÖ×ѵÄδ²½Ç
É«¡£
ÎÄѧ½±µÄÀû±×
¾ÍÎÒµÄÊӲ죬ÎÄѧ½±µÄÉèÁ¢Óë°ä·¢£¬´Ó´óרÎÄѧ½±µ½ÆäËûÎÄѧ½±£¬ÊÇÏÖÐУ¨Ç¿µ÷¡°ÏÖ
ÐС±ÊÇÒòΪÓÐЩÌåÖÆÄÚ²¿µÄ»·½ÚÒÑÍ£Ö¹ÔË×÷£©Âí»ªÎÄѧÌåÖÆÉõÎªÖØÒªµÄÒ»»·¡£
µ±È»£¬ÎÄѧ½±µÄÉèÁ¢ÒàÎ޿ɱÜÃâµØÐ¯À´Ò»Ð©¸±×÷Óᣲ»ÉÙ×÷ÕßÔÚÊéд²ßÂÔ·½Ãæ¿ÌÒⴧĦ
ÆÀÉóίԱµÄÎÄѧƷ棬¡°Í¶ÆäËùºÃ¡±Ôö¼Ó×Ô¼º»ñ½±µÄ»ú»á¡£¿Í¹ÛµØËµ£¬×÷¼ÒΪÁ˳ö룬
ÕâÑù×öÒàÎ޿ɺñ·Ç£¬±Ï¾¹×÷Æ·²»ÊÇÓÉÒ»ÈËÉó¾ö£¬Òª¾¹ý³õÉ󡢸´Éó¡¢¾öÉóÕâÈý¸ö½×¶Î£¬
×÷Æ·µÄ¿Í¹Û¼ÛÖµ´óÖÂÉÏ¿ÉÒÔΪ´ó¼ÒÈϿɡ£±È½Ï¸ºÃæµÄÏÖÏóÊÇ£¬Ò»Ð©×÷¼Ò£¯Ê«ÈËÁ½Äêдһ
ƪ×÷Æ·£¬Ä¿µÄÖ»ÓÐÒ»¸ö£¬±ãÊǰѽ±½ðÅõµ½ÊÖÀï¡£ÕâÖÖÎÄѧµÄ¹¦Àû×÷·ç£¬ÊµÔÚÓÐÎ¥½±ÏîÉè
Á¢µÄ±¾Òâ¡£
Âí»ªÎÄѧÌåÖÆ»¹ÓÐÒ»ºÜÖØÒªµÄ»·½Ú£¬ÄDZãÊÇ´óÂíÁǫ̂Éú¾Ǫ́ÆÚ¼ä¼Ä»Ø¹úÄÚ·¢±íµÄ×÷Æ·£¬
ÓëÕâЩÁǫ̂Éú·µÂíºóµÄÎÄѧ±íÏÖ¡£Âí»ªÎÄѧ֮Äܹ»Î¬ÏµÆäÒ»¶¨µÄÒÕÊõˮƽ£¬ÕâȺÁǫ̂Éú
¾Ó¹¦ØÊ࣬¶ÔÎÄѧÐÎʽÓë¼¼ÇɵÄߢÓÃÓ°ÏìÉîÔ¶£¨µ±È»ÕâÖÖÓ°ÏìÕý·´Á½Ãæ¶¼ÓУ©£¬±¾µØÄê
ÇáÒ»´úµÄд×÷ÈËÓÐÏòÁǫ̂Éúѧϰ¡¢Ä£·ÂµÄÇãÏò¡£½üÄêÒ²ÓдóÂí»ªÒḺóÅÖйú£¬»òÉêÇë³É
ΪÖйú´óѧµÄº¯ÊÚÉú£¬ÈËÊýÉÐÉÙ£¬ÎÞ·¨¹À¼ÆËûÃǶÔÂí»ªÎÄ̳µÄ×÷Óá£
֪ʶϵͳµÄ±çÖ¤
ÎÄѧ˼³±±ØÐëͨ¹ýýÌå¾ÄêÀÛÔµÄÐÎËÜ¡£Á½¼ÒÈÕ±¨µÄÎÄÒÕ¸±¿¯£¬ÔÚÎÄѧ´´×÷´ó·½ÏòµÄ¹æ
»®·½Ãæ·¢»ÓÁ˾Ù×ãÇáÖØµÄÓ°Ïì¡£¶ø²»Í¬ÎÄѧ˼³±µÄ×÷Æ·ÔÚÁ½±¨µÄÎÄÒչ㳡ÉϽÏÁ¿¾º¼¼£¬
ÊëÓÅÊëÁÓ£¬ÈÕ¾Ãʹ¿É¿´³ö´óÊÆÖ®ËùÇ÷¡£ÕâÖÖÓÅÁÓÈ¡ÉᣬÐí¶àʱºòÐèͨ¹ýÎÄѧµÄÂÛÕù£¬²Å
ÄÜÈöÁÕßÓë×÷Õß×÷³ö×Ô¼ºµÄ¾ñÔñ¡£ÕâÖÖÎÄ»¯½ÇÁ¦ÊÇÕý³£µÄ£¬²»Í¬ÖªÊ¶ÏµÍ³Ö»ÓÐͨ¹ý×÷Æ·
µÄ±çÖ¤£¬²ÅÄÜ·Ö³ö¸ßÏ¡£Ö÷µ¼ÐÔµÄÎÄѧ˼³±¼´¹¹³ÉһʱµÄÎÄѧ·çÉÐÓëÏà¹ØµÄΪÖÚ¶àÎÄѧ
È˿ڽÓÊܵÄÎÄѧ¹Û¡£
ÎÄѧÂÛÊöÓë֪ʶȨÁ¦µÄ¹ØÏµÃÜÇС£´Ó50¡¢60Äê´úµÄÓ¡ÏóʽÅúÆÀ£¬Íâ¼ÓÉç»áÖ÷Òå¡¢ÏÖʵÖ÷
ÒåµÄ¡°ÕþÖÎÕýÈ·¡±µ×ÒâʶÑéÖ¤£¬µ½70¡¢80Äê´úÐÂÅúÆÀÀíÂÛµÄÒý½ø£¬Éñ»°ÔÐÍ£¬Èݸñ£¬·ð
ÂåÒÀµÂµÄÐÄÀí·ÖÎö£¬µÄÈ·¼ÓÇ¿ÁËÐÂÅúÆÀÓÚ×÷Æ·ÄÚÔµÑо¿µÄÉî¶È¡£½øÈë90Äê´ú£¬ÎÄ»¯Ñо¿
¿ªÊ¼²ªÐË£¬Îı¾£¨text£©µÄÒâÒå±»´ó·ùÍØ¿í£¬ÒÔǰ±»ÐÂÅúÆÀ¼ÒÈÏΪÊÇÍâÔµÒòËØµÄÉç»á¡¢
ÀúÊ·¡¢ÎÄ»¯±³¾°³ÉÁËÎÄѧ½â¶ÁµÄÖØÒªÂöÂÔ£¬ÓÐʱÆäÖØÒªÐÔÉõÖÁ³¬¹ýÎÄѧÉóÃÀµÄ±¾Éí¡£ÎÄ
ѧµÄÚ¹Ê͹¤×÷ÓÐÂÙΪÎÄ»¯ÈËÀàѧ¡¢ÎÄ»¯Éç»áѧµÄ¸½Ó¹µ×ÇãÏò¡£²»¹ýÂí»ªÎÄ̳¸ãÎÄѧÅú
ÆÀ£¯ÀíÂÛµÄÈËÊý²»¶à£¬Ñ§ÊõµÄÊÀ´ú¶Ï²ã£¨disjunctive£©²¢²»Ã÷ÏÔ¡£
×ܵÄÀ´Ëµ£¬Âí»ªÎÄѧÌåÖÆÓÐËüÏÈÌìµÄƶÈõÐÔ£¬ÓªÑø²»×㣬µÃ½èÖú²°À´µÄѧ˵µ×ÆôµÏÕØ
¶Ë£¬ÔÚ»»Î»¡¢ÒÆáãµÄ¹ý³ÌÖб»Îó¶ÁµÄÇéÐÎÄÑÃ⣬µõ¹îµÄÊÇ£¬ÔÚÁíÒ»¸öÇøÓòÀÎó¶ÁÐí¶à
ʱºò¿ÉÒÔ³ÉΪеĴ´Ô춯Á¦¡£90Äê´úÒÔ½µ£¬Á½±¨ÎÄÒÕ¸±¿¯·¢±í²»ÉÙºóÏÖ´úÊ«£¬µ«ÕâЩʵ
ÑéÒâͼǿÁÒµÄ×÷Æ·¶¼·Ç̨ÍåºóÏÖ´ú×÷Æ·µÄ·°æ£¬ÕâÀïÍ·ÒѾ¹ý±¾ÍÁ»¯µÄת»»£¬ÕâÇéÐÎÕý
Èç70Äê´úÂí»ªÎÄ̳µÄÏÖ´úÖ÷ÒåÒ»Ñù£¬ËüÓëͬÊÀ´ų́ÍåµÄÏÖ´úÖ÷ÒåÔÚÐÎò·½Ãæ²î±ðÏÔÖø¡£
Ò»ÖÖÎÄѧ·çÉУ¯Ë¼³±Ö®ËùÒÔÄÜÔÚÁíÒ»µØÓòÑܱ䡢ת»¯£¬ÎÄѧ´´×÷ËØ²ÄµÄ¡°Ôڵػ¯¡±
£¨localised£©£¬×÷ÕßÓÚ×ÔÉíÎÄ»¯ÏµÍ³µÄ·¢ÉùλÖ㬠×î¾ß¾ö¶¨ÐÔ¡£Âí»ªÎÄѧÔÚ½ÓÊÜÍâ¹ú
ÎÄѧ˼³±£¬ÓÚÐÎʽ¼¼ÇÉÏòÆäËû¹ú¼ÒµÄÎÄѧ×÷Æ·½è¾µ£¬ÄÜ×÷³ö´´ÔìÐÔµ×Íɱ䣬ÔÒòÔÚ´Ë¡£
Copyright Reserved By Nanyang Press Holdings
Copyright Reserved By Nanyang Press Holdings
·µ»Ø